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Sardica paschal table
The Sardica paschal table or Sardica document is a document from a Latin manuscript of the 7th/8th century AD. It is a copy in Latin translation of the creed of the Eastern Christian bishops attending the Council of Sardica who, fearing that their deliberations would be dominated by Western bishops, met separately at Philippopolis. Appended to the creed and anathemas is a table of Paschal full moon dates, given as dates in the Julian calendar, for the years 328 to 357, together with a list of dates of 14 Nisan in the Jewish calendar, also referred to the Julian calendar, for the years 328 to 343, the year of the Council. The calendrical information contained in the document has been used by scholars in tracing the history of the computus and of the Hebrew calendar.
==The manuscript and the contents of the document==
The Sardica paschal table is a part of Codex Verona LX(58), or, more fully, MS Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare LX(58). It was first published by Eduard Schwartz in his ''Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln'' (Berlin, 1905),〔Eduard Schwartz, ''Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln, (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen). Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Neue Folge, Band viii'', Berlin, 1905.〕 where the manuscript in which it occurs was called Codex Verona 60. The manuscript has 126 leaves of vellum measuring 27 cm by 20 cm. It is written in Latin uncial script that paleographers have dated to about AD 700.〔W. Telfer, "The Codex Verona LX(58)", ''Harvard Theological Review'', 36(3), (July, 1943), pages 169-246.〕 The Sardica document occurs on folios 79 verso to 80 verso.〔Sacha Stern, Calendar and Community: A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE – Tenth Century CE, Oxford, 2001, p. 74.〕〔Telfer, "Codex Verona LX(58)", pp. 181-182.〕 It is apparently a copy of a Christian document written at the time of the Council of Sardica (AD 343). It contains the creed and anathemas drawn up by the eastern bishops meeting at the council, followed by a list of Christian "Passovers", that is, Julian calendar dates of the 14th day (the Paschal full moon) of the Paschal lunar month, the Sunday following which is Easter. This table is preceded by a list of Julian calendar dates of 14 Nisan observed by the Jewish community in some eastern Mediterranean city (possibly Antioch). The Jewish dates are captioned'' Quibus supputationibus faciant Iudei pascha''. The Christian dates are captioned ''Quo numero faciamus nos Christiani''.
The dates as they stand are somewhat garbled. Schwartz proposed emendations,〔E. Schwartz, ''Ostertafeln'', pp. 121-125.〕 and these emendations have been reviewed and criticized recently by Sacha Stern〔Sacha Stern, ''Calendar and Community: A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE – Tenth Century CE'', Oxford, 2001, pp. 127-129.〕 of University College London.
A striking feature of the Jewish dates is that, for the 16 years listed, all the Passovers are in the Julian month of March. This is clearly inconsistent with the modern Hebrew calendar. It also corroborates the complaints of 3rd and 4th-century Christian computists that some Jews held Passover before the spring equinox.
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